ABSTRACT A syndrome characterized by cervical pain and an abnormally elongated styloid process was first described by Watt Eagle in 1937. Even though vascular Eagle syndrome is uncommon and is not well recognized as a cause for carotid artery dissection, in the last few years there have been an increasing number of case reports of carotid artery dissection caused by an elongated styloid process. A 56 years old man presented to the emergency department with acute left facial weakness and slurred speech. He complained of two days neck pain, related to a coughing fit. The code stroke protocol was activated and imaging showed a right temporal bone stroke and a bilateral internal carotid artery dissection. A scan angiography of the supra-aortic vessels with 3D reconstruction was performed showing a bilateral abnormally elongated styloid process. The patient underwent angioplasty with two stent placements. Due to the high risk of recurrent strokes, the patient was evaluated in the otolaryngology department for styloid process resection. Finally a transoral approach for the right side and an open approach for the left side were performed. We have to consider an elongated styloid process as an important cause of carotid artery dissection and subsequent cerebrovascular complications

RESUMEN Un síndrome caracterizado por dolor cervical y un apófisis estiloides alargado fue descrito por primera vez por Watt Eagle en 1937. Aunque el síndrome de Eagle en su variante vascular es raro y no es reconocido como causa clara de disección carotídea, en los últimos años ha sido reportado un incremento del número de casos de disección carotídea causada por una apófisis estiloides alargada. Paciente de 56 años que acudió al servicio de urgencias por paresia facial izquierda aguda y habla confusa. Presentaba dolor cervical de dos días de evolución, relacionado con un ataque de tos. Se activó el código ictus y la tomografía computarizada (TC) mostró isquemia del lóbulo temporal derecho y disección bilateral de la arteria carótida interna. La angio-TC de los troncos supraaórticos con reconstrucción tridimensional, identificó una apófisis estiloides alargado en ambos lados. El paciente fue sometido a una angioplastía con colocación de dos stents. Debido al alto riesgo de padecer nuevo ictus, se decidió realizar tratamiento quirúrgico. Para el lado derecho se realizó un abordaje transoral y en el izquierdo un abordaje abierto. La apófisis estiloides alargado es una causa importante de disección carotídea y de las complicaciones cerebrovasculares relacionadas.

Abstract: Salmonellosis has a worldwide relevance in aspects associated with public health, as only in 2009 were reported 93.8 million cases in humans. The objective of the study was to establish the prevalence, risk factors and bacteriological and molecular identification of Salmonella spp in stray dogs in urban, rural and coastal areas of Mexicali, a city in northwest Mexico. From May 2014 to February 2015, 385 dogs were tested. Sampling was performed by rectal swab and conventional bacteriological techniques were applied, for later implementation of the API 20E system and molecular identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The data were analysed statistically by means of descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression modelling. A prevalence of 6.27% was obtained in the dogs examined, the samples obtained were characterised to subspecies (Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica and Salmonella enterica subspecie arizonae). The geographical region with the highest prevalence in the study was the coast (10%), followed by the rural area (8.57%) and the urban area (5.8%), however, no significant statistical differences were detected. There was significant difference in the prevalence by age of dogs under one year (P<0.05). The identification of Salmonella in dogs from northwest Mexico could correspond to serovars of zoonotic importance indicating a potential risk for the population.

ABSTRACT Pyomyositis is a bacterial infection of the striated muscle that may affect the cervical musculature in very few cases. In the occidental world it has been associated with chronic diseases as diabetes and immunosuppression. We present a 67 years old patient attended to the Emergency Department because of a laterocervical fast growth tumor, without an interesting clinical history with the exception of type II diabetes mellitus. A CT scan with contrast showed an increased volume in the left sternocleidomastoid muscle, so an empiric treatment with intravenous antibiotics was started. Because of a bad evolution we finally performed a surgical drainage of the abscess under general anesthesia with an improvement of symptoms and laboratory markers. The pyomyositis of cervical muscles is very rare (0.4-1% of all cases) and the sternocleidomastoid muscle is the most commonly affected cervical muscle. CT scan is the gold standard imaging technique, because it allows to diagnose this disease and rule out other similar entities. If we consider that many patients present with associated comorbidities and/ or immunosuppression, it's very important to perform a rapid diagnosis and to begin a correct treatment that depends on the grade and extension of the infection. Although polymyositis of the sternocleidomastoid muscle is rare, its incidence is increasing associated to HIV infection and other immunosuppressive conditions. We have to keep in mind this pathology in the differential diagnosis of laterocervical tumors because high clinical suspicion is necessary to make a rapid diagnosis and a correct treatment.

RESUMEN La piomiositis es una infección bacteriana del músculo estriado, siendo extremadamente rara la afectación de la musculatura cervical. Se ha asociado en nuestro medio a enfermedades crónicas como la diabetes y a la inmunodepresión. Presentamos a un paciente de 67 años que acude al servicio de urgencias por tumoración laterocervical de rápido crecimiento, negando antecedentes de interés a excepción de diabetes mellitus tipo II. Se le realizó estudio de imagen con tomografía computarizada con contraste, observándose aumento de volumen del músculo esternocleidomastoideo izquierdo y se empezó tratamiento empírico con antibióticos endovenosos. Dada la evolución tórpida finalmente se realizó drenaje quirúrgico bajo anestesia general con mejoría de los parámetros clínicos y analíticos. La piomiositis de los músculos cervicales es muy rara (0,4%-1% de todos los casos) siendo el esternocleidomastoideo el músculo del cuello más frecuentemente afectado. La tomografía computarizada representa la prueba de imagen de elección, permitiendo un rápido diagnóstico llegando a poder diferenciar este cuadro de otros similares. Considerando que muchos de estos pacientes presentan comorbilidades asociadas y/o inmunosupresión, es de extrema importancia diagnosticarlos precozmente y empezar un tratamiento adecuado que dependerá del grado y extensión de la infección. A pesar de ser una entidad poco frecuente, su incidencia está en aumento en nuestro medio asociada a la infección por VIH y otras condiciones de inmunodepresión. Hay que tenerla en mente en el diagnóstico diferencial de las tumoraciones laterocervicales porque solo con una alta sospecha clínica se podrá llevar al cabo un diagnóstico precoz y un tratamiento adecuado.

Abstract: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease. The mechanisms by which MAP is able to adapt to the innate host response are still unclear. We examined Ferroportin 1 (FPN1) mRNA expression levels via real-time PCR of the mouse macrophage cell line J774 that was incubated in the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) or MAP crude protein extract. Infection with live MAP decreased FPN1 mRNA levels in a multiplicity of infection (MOI)-dependent fashion. Macrophages infected with MOIs of 20:1 and 15:1 did not show any change in FPN1 gene expression, whereas MOIs of 10:1 and 5:1 induced a decrease of 50 and 80%, respectively. Macrophages treated with 50, 100, 150 and 200 µg/mL of MAP crude extract (ATCC19698) decreased FPN1 mRNA expression by 25%. Additionally, up-regulation of FPN1 mRNA by an iron overload treatment of 400 µM of ferric nitrilotriacetate (FeNTA) was abrogated by live MAP (MOI 20:1) by approximately 70%. Our data revealed an inhibitory effect of MAP on FPN1 mRNA and suggested a bacterial mechanism that may play a role in host iron regulation.

Resumen: El Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) es el agente causal de la enfermedad de Johne. Los mecanismos por los cuales MAP es capaz de adaptarse a la respuesta natural del huésped aún no están claros. A través de la PCR en tiempo real, se examinaron los niveles de expresión del ARN de la ferroportina 1 (FPN1) en células de macrófagos de ratón J774 infectados con Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis o con el extracto crudo de proteína (ECP) de MAP. La multiplicidad de infección (MOI) con MAP dependió de la disminución de los niveles del ARNm de la FPN1. Los macrófagos infectados con las MOI de 20:1 y 15:1 no mostraron cambio alguno en la expresión del gen FPN1, mientras que en las MOI de 10:1 y 5:1, disminuyó en un 50% y 80%, respectivamente. En los macrófagos tratados con 50, 100, 150 y 200 μg/mL de ECP de MAP (ATCC19698), la expresión del ARNm de FPN1 disminuyó 25%. La sobreexpresión del ARNm de FPN1 en macrófagos J774 tratados con una sobrecarga de hierro de 400 μM de nitrilotriacetato férrico (FeNTA) se suprimió cerca de un 70% por la infección con MAP viva (MOI 20:1). Estos datos revelaron que MAP inhibe la expresión del ARNm de FPN1, lo que sugiere que existe un mecanismo bacteriano que participa en la regulación del hierro del huésped.

Abstract Fourteen adult mongrel dogs (5 intact and 9 neutered) comprising seven males and seven females were used to evaluate change in levels of alveolar crestal bone after implanting two types of dental abutments. Implants were surgically placed in both mandibular fourth premolar zones and restored with conventional (CONV) and platform switching (PFS) abutments. Both abutments were evaluated in each dog. The study lasted 180 days; restoration was performed at Day 60 postsurgical-placed implants and alveolar crestal bone levels was evaluated on Days 0, 30, 60, and 90 post-restoration (cemented crown) through indirect measurement using a digital X-ray sensor. Experimental data were analysed using a completely randomized design: the experimental unit was the dog (random effect), the treatment was the abutment type (fixed effect), and crestal bone level of each implant side (mesial and distal) was the observation. In addition, the gonadal integrity (intact and neutered) and the gender (male and female) were included in the statistical analysis to evaluate their role on the magnitude of changes (interactions) on alveolar crestal bone levels. The average of crestal bone loss was 0.400 ± 0.186 mm. In general, dogs with CONV had a greater (27.3%, P < 0.05) crestal bone loss than dogs with PFS. Intact dogs that received PFS had minor (P < .01) bone loss than dogs receiving CONV, but in neutered dogs, abutment type had no effect (P = 0.98) on crestal bone loss level; therefore, an interaction (P < 0.01) between type of abutment and gonadal conditions was detected. There was no interaction (P > 0.77) between gender and abutment type. Similarly, as a sole factor of variation, gender had no effect (P = 0.26) on crestal bone level responses to abutment type (-0.401 vs -0.385 mm for males and females, respectively). Regardless of the type of abutment, males and females had a similar (P = .65) crestal bone loss (-0.405 vs. -0.393), while neutered dogs showed a greater (30.8%, P < 0.01) crestal bone loss compared with intact dogs. In conclusion, dogs with PFS showed less crestal bone loss than CONV; however, regardless of gender, this response only was maintained in intact dogs; therefore the gonadal condition has an effect on the magnitude of changes of the alveolar crestal bone levels in their response to abutment type in dogs with dental implants.

Resumen Catorce perros mestizos adultos (5 intactos y 9 esterilizados), compuestos por siete machos y siete hembras fueron utilizadas para evaluar el efecto de dos tipos de aditamentos protésicos de implantes dentales sobre el nivel de la cresta ósea alveolar. Los implantes dentales fueron colocados quirúrgicamente en zonas de cuartos premolares inferiores y restaurados con aditamentos protésicos convencionales (CONV) y de cambio de plataforma (PFS). Ambos aditamentos protésicos fueron evaluados en cada perro. El estudio duró 180 días, en los que se realizó la restauración al día 60 post-quirúrgicamente colocados los implantes, la evaluación del nivel de la cresta ósea alveolar se realizó en los días 0, 30, 60 y 90 después de la restauración (corona cementada) a través de medición indirecta utilizando un sensor radiográfico digital. Los datos experimentales se analizaron mediante un diseño completamente al azar, la unidad experimental fue el perro (efecto aleatorio), el tratamiento era el tipo de pilar protésico (efectos fijos), y el nivel de la cresta ósea de cada lado del implante (mesial y distal) fue la observación. Además, factores como la condición gonadal (intactos y castrados) y el género (masculino y femenino) se incluyeron en el análisis estadístico para evaluar su papel en la magnitud de los cambios (interacciones) en los niveles de cresta ósea alveolar. El promedio de pérdida de hueso crestal fue 0.400 ± 0.186 mm. En general, los perros con CONV tuvieron una mayor pérdida de la cresta ósea que los perros con PFS. En los perros intactos que recibieron PFS se observó una menor pérdida ósea, pero en perros castrados, el tipo de aditamento no tuvo efecto (P = 0,98) en el nivel de pérdida de la cresta ósea; por lo tanto, se detectó una interacción (P <0,01) entre el tipo de aditamento y la condición gonadal. No hubo interacción (P> 0.77) entre el género y el tipo de aditamento, de manera similar, analizado como único factor de variación, el género no tuvo efecto (P = 0,26) en las respuestas del nivel de la cresta ósea al tipo de pilar protésico (-0.401vs. -0.385 mm, para macho y hembras respectivamente). Sin importar el tipo de pilar protésico, tanto machos como hembras mostraron pérdidas similares (-0.405 vs. -0.393, P>0.65), mientras que los perros castrados mostraron una mayor (30,8%, P <0,01) pérdida ósea crestal comparado con perros intactos. En conclusión, los perros con PFS mostraron una menor pérdida ósea crestal que áquellos que recibieron CONV; sin embargo, independientemente del género, esta respuesta sólo se mantuvo en perros intactos, por lo tanto, la condición gonadal tiene un efecto sobre la magnitud de los cambios de los niveles de hueso crestal alveolares como respuesta al tipo de aditamento protésico en perros con implantes dentales.

O processo de Soldadura por Impulso Magnético aplica os princípios do electromagnetismo postulados no século XIX e verificados mais tarde experimentalmente. Recentemente, o processo tem sido alvo de desenvolvimentos de modo a satisfazer requisitos do mercado, envolvendo ligações dissimilares ou de materiais difíceis de soldar. É um processo de elevada produtividade com tempos de soldadura muito curtos que usa a força electromagnética para acelerar um material contra o outro, resultando numa ligação no estado sólido sem calor adicionado externamente, nem distorções de origem térmica. Uma fonte de alta potência, um interruptor de descarga e uma bobina constituem os elementos fundamentais do equipamento. Uma corrente de elevada intensidade circulando através de uma bobina próxima de um material condutor produz uma corrente induzida, que por sua vez origina um campo magnético intenso que se opõe ao campo magnético original. O efeito desta segunda corrente movendo-se no campo magnético inicial é a geração de uma força de Lorentz que acelera o elemento "voador" a alta velocidade. Se se colocar um material no campo do elemento voador, no impacto produz-se uma ligação a nível atómico no estado sólido entre os dois elementos. Este artigo discute os fundamentos do processo em termos fenomenológicos, de modelação analítica e simulação numérica. Apresenta aplicações na industria em termos de materiais, configuração de juntas, vantagens e desvantagens do processo.

Magnetic Pulse Welding (MPW) applies the electromagnetic principles postulated in the XIXth century and later demonstrated. In recent years the process has been developed to meet highly demanding market needs involving dissimilar material joining, specially involving difficult-to-weld materials. It is a very high speed joining process that uses an electromagnetic force to accelerate one material against the other, resulting in a solid state weld with no external heat source and no thermal distortions. A high power source, the capacitor, a discharge switch and a coil constitute the minimum equipment necessary for this process. A high intensity current flowing through a coil near an electrically conductive material, locally produce an intense magnetic field that generates eddy currents in the flyer according to Lenz law. The induced electromotive force gives rise to a current whose magnetic field opposes the original change in magnetic flux. The effect of this secondary current moving in the primary magnetic field is the generation of a Lorentz force, which accelerates the flyer at a very high speed. If a piece of material is placed in the trajectory of the flyer, the impact will produce an atomic bond in a solid state weld. This paper discusses the fundamentals of the process in terms of phenomenology and analytical modeling and numerical simulation. Recent industrial applications are presented in terms of materials, joint configurations and real examples as well as advantages and disadvantages of the process.

The life cycle of the forensically importante flesh fly Sarcophaga cultellata Pandellé, 1896, was studied at 25ºC and 50% relative humidity. Larval development time to pupation was 148,8 ±10,73 h and the total development time from larviposition to first adult emergence was 330±12 h. Complete adult emergence was, on average, at 354 h. For forensic purposes, the duration of larval developmental time until whole pupation was 6,2 days (5,7-6,64 days) and the length of complete life cycle was 13,25-14,25 days. The maximum larval length (22,9 ± 2,38 mm) was reached, on average, at 91.2 h (72-96).

Se aportan los primeros datos conocidos sobre el desarrollo del ciclo vital del díptero de importancia forense Sarcophaga cultellata Pandellé, 1896, en condiciones controladas. En condiciones de 25ºC y 50% humedad relativa la duración media del desarrollo larvario fue de 148,8±10,73 h y la duración media del ciclo vital completo, hasta la aparición de los primeros adultos, de 330±12 h. A efectos forenses, la duración del desarrollo larvario, entendido hasta la completa pupación, es de 6,2 días (5,7-6,64 días), y la duración del ciclo completo, de 13,25-14,25 días. La máxima longitud larvaria (22,9 ± 2,38 mm) se alcanzó, por término medio, a las 91,2 h (72-96).